Tsat language

Tsat
Tsat
Hainan Cham
Native to	China
Region	Hainan
Ethnicity	Utsul
Native speakers	4,000 (2007)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Malayo-Sumbawan (?) Chamic Highlands Northern Chamic Tsat; ; ; ; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	huq
Glottolog	tsat1238
ELP	Tsat

Tsat, also known as Utsat, Utset, Hainan Cham, or Huíhuī (simplified Chinese: 回辉语; traditional Chinese: 回輝語; pinyin: Huíhuīyǔ), is an Austronesian, tonal language spoken by 4,500 Utsul people in Yanglan (羊栏) and Huixin (回新) villages near Sanya, Hainan, China. Tsat is a member of the Malayo-Polynesian group within the Austronesian language family, and is one of the Chamic languages originating on the coast of present-day Vietnam.

Phonology

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		k	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		kʰ
	implosive	ɓ	ɗ
Affricate			ts
Fricative	voiceless		s			h
Fricative	voiced	v	z
Nasal		m	n	ɲ	ŋ
Lateral			l

Final glide sounds [j, w] may also occur as a realization of /i/, /u/ at the end of falling diphthongs.^[2]

Hainan Cham tones correspond to various Proto-Chamic sounds.^[3]

Hainan Cham Tonogenesis
Tone value (Hainan Cham)	Type of tone (Hainan Cham)	Proto-Chamic final sound
55	High	-h, -s; PAN *-q
42	Falling	-p, -t, -k, -c, -ʔ Voiceless final: voiced stop / affricate (pre-)initial^[a] -ay, *-an^[b]
24	Rising	-p, -t, -k, -c, *-ʔ Voiceless final: default
11	Low	*Vowels and nasals, -a:s** Voiced final: voiced stop / affricate (pre-)initial^[a]
33	Mid	*Vowels and nasals, a:s** Voiced final: default

Unusually for an Austronesian language, Tsat has developed into a tonal language, probably as a result of areal linguistic effects and contact with the diverse tonal languages spoken on Hainan including varieties of Chinese such as Hainanese and Standard Chinese, Tai–Kadai languages such as the Hlai languages, and Hmong–Mien languages such as Kim Mun.^[4]

^ ^a ^b if a voiced pre-initial is present, its voicing determines the tone even if the main syllable has a voiceless initial^[3]
^ The finals *-ay and *-an turn into falling 42 regardless of initial voicing^[3]

^ Tsat at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Thurgood & Li (2014)
^ ^a ^b ^c Thurgood, Graham (1993). "Phan Rang Cham and Utsat: Tonogenetic Themes and Variants". In Edmondson, Jerold A.; Gregerson, Kenneth J. (eds.). Tonality in Austronesian Languages. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication, 24. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 91–106.
^ Thurgood, Graham (1999). From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects: Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change: With an Appendix of Chamic Reconstructions and Loanwords. University of Hawaii Press. p. 239. ISBN 0-8248-2131-9. Retrieved 2011-05-15.

Edmondson, Jerold A. (1993). Tonality in Austronesian Languages (illustrated ed.). Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1530-0.
Thurgood, Graham; Li, Fengxiang (2002). "Contact Induced Variation and Syntactic Change in the Tsat of Hainan". Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society. 28 (2): 149. doi:10.3765/bls.v28i2.1033. hdl:1885/254195.
Thurgood, Graham (2010). "Hainan Cham, Anong, and Eastern Cham: Three Languages, Three Social Contexts, Three Patterns of Change". Journal of Language Contact. 3 (2): 39–65. doi:10.1163/19552629-90000019.
Thurgood, Graham; Thurgood, Ela; Li, Fengxiang (2014). A Grammatical Sketch of Hainan Cham: History, Contact, and Phonology. Pacific Linguistics. De Gruyter Mouton. ISBN 978-1-61451-877-8 – via Google Books.
Zheng, Yiqing 郑贻青 (1997). Huíhuīhuà yánjiū 回辉话研究 [A Study of the Huihui Language] (in Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai yuandong chubanshe.

Pérez Pereiro, Alberto. "Tonality in Phan Rang Cham and Tsat". Archived from the original on 2006-03-20. Retrieved 2006-12-22.
Recent papers on Tsat Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine